In FFXIV, Ash Diatomite is a type of crafting material gathered by Miners. It was introduced as a new Legendary resource in Patch 6.2 after the release of Endwalker.
As indicated by the map above, it can be found in Labyrinthos starting at 10:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. It remains available for two in-game “hours” until 12:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. Eorzea Time, respectively.
Besides its time-limited availability, this material also has a required Perception stat of 3,600 to gather. Meaning any Miner player must have at least 3,600 Perception to even attempt gathering the mineral. This can be achieved via a mix of gear, Materia, and temporary in-game food buffs.
Ash Diatomite will always appear inside of a Level 90 “Legendary” node when it spawns. It will then alert Miners within Labyrinthos at the time to its presence with an onscreen message and a gathering icon on the mini-map.
There is currently no other way to (reliably) acquire Ash Diatomite in FFXIV. However, players can freely trade it amongst themselves and sell or buy it from the in-game Market Board.